12/27/2023 0 Comments Optimism bias definition![]() Beyond these regions, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and insula have been associated with personal optimism bias ( Blair et al., 2013 Kuzmanovic et al., 2016). Interestingly, activation of the aforementioned regions is also enhanced while an individual deliberates over in-group members ( Volz et al., 2009 Cikara et al., 2017). ![]() Personal optimism biases and trait optimism have been linked to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brain regions involved in self-referential processing and stimulus valuation ( Blair et al., 2013 Kuzmanovic et al., 2016). Correspondingly, one may expect some overlap in neural correlates between personal and social optimism biases. For instance, an individual’s readiness to display (social) optimism bias is likely influenced by dispositional optimism, a relatively stable disposition of having an optimistic yet not necessarily unrealistic life orientation ( Radcliffe and Klein, 2002 Shepperd et al., 2015). While there is a general tendency toward unrealistic optimism in the population, there is also interindividual variability in optimism bias and its related concepts. Accordingly, sports fans are overly optimistic about their favorite team winning the game ( Price, 2000 Aue et al., 2012), and voters overestimate the chances of their preferred political candidate winning elections ( Babad, 1997). Interestingly, such unrealistic optimism extends toward in-groups and individuals that one evaluates positively or identifies with (we refer to this extension of optimism toward others as social optimism bias). This self-centered overoptimism has been termed optimism bias in the literature ( Windschitl and Stuart, 2015) and has been suggested as a prerequisite for mental health ( Trimmer, 2016). Most people display exaggerated optimism about their own future. Optimism bias can be defined as the tendency to expect positive outcomes to be more likely than negative outcomes ( Krizan and Windschitl, 2007 Lench and Ditto, 2008 Lench and Bench, 2012 Dricu et al., 2018). A shared biological substrate underlying future expectancies that subserves the promotion of the self and the denigration of unpopular out-groups may render society-wide efforts to counteract stereotyping particularly difficult: such efforts may hinder the establishment of adaptive personal optimism biases. This self-enhancement dimension included unfavorable biases toward unpopular out-groups and indicators of personal optimism and pessimism. We identified a defensive self-enhancement dimension that associated significantly and reliably with the cortical thickness of the insula and inferior frontal cortex. Using sparse canonical correlation analysis, we associated cortical thickness (assessed by magnetic resonance imaging) with measures of social and personal optimism bias, trait optimism and related concepts. However, little is known about whether social optimism biases relate to brain structure. Such biases are important for mental health and may extend to other individuals or social groups (social optimism biases). The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of brief interventions to reduce optimism bias.Optimism biases denote the tendency to see future desirable events as being more likely to happen to oneself than undesirable events. The effectiveness of the two interventions also differed across individuals depending on their sensation-seeking and past risky driving tendencies. ![]() Both brief interventions reduced optimism bias levels, but hazard perception had the strongest effect. Measures evaluating optimism bias were completed before and after the intervention, and questions regarding their sensation-seeking and past risk-taking tendencies were asked at follow-up. One hundred and twenty-eight university students were randomly allocated to one of three groups: standard definition, hazard perception or control. The present study aimed to evaluate how two brief interventions, one based on an unambiguous definition of “good” driving and the other on a hazard perception test, might reduce young drivers’ optimism bias. ![]() Optimism bias combined with sensation-seeking and risky driving have been proposed to be the main contributing factors to young drivers’ involvement in road traffic collisions.
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